Basis of consolidation The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and entities controlled by the Company (its subsidiaries) made up to 31 December each year. Control is achieved when the Company: has the power over the investee; is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and has the ability to use its power to affect its returns. Subsidiaries are entities over which the Group has control. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group and are deconsolidated as soon as control ceases. All intercompany balances, transactions, income and expenses and profits and losses resulting from transactions between Group companies are eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries are changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the consolidated statement of profit or loss, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of financial position respectively. Transactions with non-controlling shareholders Non-controlling shareholders are equity participants of the group and transactions with non-controlling shareholders are therefore accounted for in equity and included in the statement of changes in equity, where the transaction does not result in the loss of control of a subsidiary. In transactions with non-controlling shareholders, the excess of the cost/proceeds of the transaction over the group’s proportionate share of the net asset value acquired/disposed is allocated to the ‘retained earnings’ in equity.